Bulkhead.



M1 II. UPsoN.

BULKHEAD.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 19, 1909.

Patntea Jan 24, 1911.

2 sIIBETs-SHEET 1. mz N IWT-r in vntor Mmwe2ZM.Upsanz M. UPSON.

BULKHEAD.

' APPLICATION FILED AUG. 18. 1909.

Patented J an. 24, 1911.

2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

in ventor MaxweZZMpaon:

? Atty UNITED sTATEs PATENT oEEioE.

MAXWELL M. UrsoN, 'oE ENGLEWOOD, NEW JERSEY, AssIGNoE 'ro `EAYMoNn GoN- cEE'rE PILE coMPANY, or NEW YORK, N. Y., AAooEroEATIoN 0E NEW JERSEY.

EULKHEAD.

Specication of Letters Patent. Patented J 3,11, 24, i911,

ppnaaon mea August 1s, 190s. serial' No. 513,444.

. To all whom it may conccm:

Be it known that I, MAXWELL M. UrsoN,

a citizen of the United States of America,

and a resident of Englewood, New Jersey, have inventedcertain new and useful Improvementsin Bulkheads, the .principles of which are setforth inthe following specification and accompanying drawing, which disclose the form of the invention which I now consider to be the best of the various 4forms in which the principles of the inven- -tion may be embodied. l

Tlnsunvention relates to im rovements in the` construction of bulkhea s and the like, as for docks and similar applications, the object being a rigid,l permanent structure of low cost, andthe invention consisting of embodiments having said character isties `and others to be explained more fully hereinafter in connection with the drawings, of which-'- V Figures 1-7 illustrate one embodiment,-

and'Figs. 10-11 analternative embodiment; Flg. vl being a longitudinal section of the entire structure, taken at right angles to the water-'front at the left, 'and along 1-1 of' Fig. 3; Fig. 1a is a section like Fig. 1 of.v a

modified arrangement of an anchor-pileV relative to that of Fig. 1; Fig. 2 is afront elevation of a portion of the sea-frontage of the structure; Fig. 3 is a plan of that portion of the structure as a whole, which'v is shown in Fig. 2, but showing the same longitudinally complete from the sea-front to theancl'lorage to the right in the rear; Fig. 4 is a section at fit-4 of Fig. l; Fig. 5 is a section at 5 -5 of Fig. 3; Fig. 6 is a section at 6-6 of Fig. l; Fig. 7 is a section at 7--7 of' Fig. l; Fig. 8 is a plan of a modification of thedeadman 13 of Figs. 1 and 3; Fig. 9 is a section at 9-9 of Fig. 8; and Figs. 10-11 are a longitudinal section and a plan, respectively, of a modified form of the inventions as an entirety, the section Fig. 10 being taken at 10-l0 of Fig. `11.

A. characteristic feature of the invention,

which comprises a novel structure generally,

is that in addition, such novel structureis particularlyadapted for the employment of such compound material, as and in fact pref erably comprises a structure substantially entirely of reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete, containing the two elements Vconcrete and steel, integrally combined and arranged respectively to resist strains of tenslon and compression, lendsitself readily and eifectively to forms of structure which lwould not be practicable if constructed of `separate building elements such as steel or wood, or concrete alone.

The principal function of the structure, in general, is the maintenance of the earth adjacent the water as a support for the dock-flooringor pavement. to that end the retaining Wall 1 Vis sunk down to the desired depth. If the structure is to be=located at a point beyond which the Water extends a considerable distance land- W-ard (toward the right, Fig. 1), the spaces'` 70 A, B will be Water-filled, little or no `dredging will be required at A, and a considerable earth-lill will be required at B. On the `other hand, if the structure is to be located at a point farther inland, little or no earth- 'T5 fill will be required at B, and considerable dredging will be required at A down to the mud-line shown. In any case the wall 1 is sunk to a considerable distance below the mud-line. The wall 1 preferably consists 80 `of sheet-piling, and the sheet or sheets may be composed of timber, steel, or other material, but are preferably of reinforced concrete, particularly above the mud-line. Thisl retaining piling is sunk, as by driving or waterjetting' successive elements, one ele- 'ment at a time, closely adjacent to each other and in line with the Water-front, to form a substantially tight wall; and this wall is of such height that' when sunk to the proper 90 depth, it extends upwardly to the water-line or aboye it. If entirely of timber it should not extend up above the waterfline. The function of this retaining piling is to retain the earth-fill, and prevent any movement of the earth toward the water, either beneath or above the piling. In any case, during the stage of construction at which only the piling'l is in place, the earth level in spaces A and B is uniform, jected to strains until after space B is earthilled orl space'A isdredged, or both. Then, preparatory to any of the last-named operations, the remainder of the structure is installed, to reinforce the piling 1 to resist the 105 strains of the subsequent earth-fill B.' The space C (Fig. 1) is at such distance Preliminary 65 so the piling is not suballel withv said sheetl piling ynot yet, however, be extended so as to bear. `against retaining piling i.

rThese piles 2 are placed a considerable distance apart {Fig.\3) in a row parallel with piling 1, and;

they may be sunk perpendicularly'to be par- 1, as in Fig. la, or at an angle as in Fig. Files 2 are preferably of reinforced concrete, at least as to their upper parts which will be above the moist earth below the Water line, in the case of the preferable and economical construction to be described. But piles 2 are of those parts of the structure which need not be ofvconcrete. Then piles 2 are of concrete, however, the reinforcement may consist of steel rods 3 (Figs. fl, 1, la) held in place during molding, as by stirrups l. rfhese piles 2 'are `preferably specially constructed, (when composed of concrete), in that steel rods 3 project upwardly beyond the pile itself for the purpose o f being cast integrally with the reinforced concrete superstructure which is next installed, piling l and row of piles 2 having been-'placed or grounded previously.

' ln preparation for the casting of the rezinforced concrete superstructure, wooden forms (no't shown) are placed on retaining piling 1 and on the rear anchorage, as piles 2, the use of such forms for such purpose being in general pursuance of the art of reinforced concrete construction, and the reinforcements described hereinafter are placed in the Wooden forms or molds, and the concrete then placed in the forms to surround the reinforcements. After the con-v crete has set, the forms are removed, according to custom. rl`he resulting superstructure is clearly shown in the drawings, and consists essentially of the reinforced concrete beam 5 extending integrally across the entire water-front of the structure and upon the retaining piling 1, having an inset G for the reception of the top of said piling. The function of this beam aontal and vertical load, and it is therefore termed the horizontal and vertical beam. lhe reinforces ofbeam 5 comprise steel rods 7 on the tension side, and/retaining wires or stirrups 3. ln correspondence with the pther parts, the piling l may, if desired,

have reinforces projecting from its top andl embedded in the concrete of beam 5; but that is not necessary, because the inset arrangement shown is suilicient to take care ofthel strains, notwithstanding that nearly all of the strains take effect at the inset. Filing 1 may be of any desired character, and indeed it maybe any suitable retaining wall; but,

Y ing or'not, as desired; or

\ with concrete tie-beams likewise 5 is to carry7 the hori' as-above stated, it is far preferablysome form of sheet piling, such as concrete piles grounded close togethenand interlocked or not as desired, or water-'insulated `by groutthis Wall 1 may be sheet piling consisting partially orventirely of timber or steel. The horizontal and vertical beam 'may extend below the Waterline, as shown. Beam 5 l 9, 10, 11 containing reinforcements 12 which extend into the concrete of beam 5 (see tie-beam 10, Figs. 3 and 5) to strengthen the integral concrete of beams 5 and 10 at their joint. The cross section of the tie-beams is shown' in Fig. 6.-

r lhe tie-beams 9, 10, 11 are also'integral with the reinforced concrete anchor-beam or dead-` man 13 which is located on top of anchorpiles 2 or on or in the ground in case anchorpiles are not used; this inte 'ty with the tie-beams being obtained by the comolding of the concrete of both the tie-beams' and deadman 13, and by the projection of tiebeam reinforces .12 into the deadman. The' deadman is also preferablyrintegral with anchor-piles 2, when those are used, by reason of the projection of pile-reinforces 3 up into the concrete of the deadman. The conlcrete of deadman 13 and piles 2 is also Welded together, particularly if the piles are molded in place at the time the deadman is molded, as preferred, instead of being premolded.` (The deadman also has its own=re inforces 14, Fig. 3. Thus .the integral reinforced concrete structure comprises anchor-piles 2, deadman, tie-beams, and beam 5. But the deadman is not anjessential element between tie-beams and anchor-piles, although it may exist in forms other than in Fig. 3. lf the deadman exists in any form, it simply aids the tie-beams and an- Chor-piles in bearing on the earth-iill to sustain the weight of the structure and of shuperincumbent material such as the earthfull, pavement 24, etc., above the superstructure. `The piles 2, while preferable, are not necessary,fand the deadman alone may be used, or, in fact, any other suitable form of rearanchorage.

' linv important feature ofthe invention is the buttress-construction for the retaining-- described. This needpiling 1, now to be not be employed, and the .tie-beams-might directly engage beam 5 supported on its grounded. supports, such as piling 1, but the buttress-structure. is almost "invariably a' most desirable addition to. coperate with the simpler structureabove described. Prior yto the placing of the molding-'forms above referred to, transversef rows of piles 15, 16 may be placed or grounded as shown in Fig. 1. Two of the .piles of the front row, 15, are shown in the front elevation tof Fig. 2. Two of the piles of the reary row, 16, are

isalso cast integral walls and beam bein cease? shown -in the hdrizontal section of Fi 3'.

As shown in the section Fig. 7 at Zes-.fof

Fig. 1, these piles are reinforced'at 17, 18,l

and the reinforcin rods 17 extend upwardly beyond the top o the piles (Fig. 1) into the beam 5; so that when the molding forms are placed as stated above, the piles 15 of ythe front tie-beams, etc. Also the reinforces 1.7 of rearpilefrow 16, projectupwardly into the the buttress-walls 19, 20. (Figs. 1 and 3) so that those piles are cast integrally with said walls. The 'reinforces 21 of the buttresswalls 19, 20 also project into beam 5, said also cast integrally in the same moldi-n orms. Thus buttress-4 walls 19, 20, as wel as piles 15, 16, form part of the integral structure with beam 5, tie-beams 9, 10, 11, etc. In fact, in the case of buttresswalls 19, 20, theirreinforces 21 extend into-'tieebeams 9, 11'; and the reinforces 12 of, tie-beams 9,' 11 extend into buttress-.walls 19, 20; i. e., as shown, the reinforces 12 `and 21 may be continuous and identical. In fact reinforces21 extendfrom the interior of beam )5 to the interior of deadman 13; Buttress-walls 19, 2() have additional diagonal reinforces,22,L-23, which,

sshown in Fig. 1, project into beam 5, in

addition to reinforces 21. The elementary buttres's-structure for the' retaining-piling 1 is -thus 'an integral reinforced concrete combination consisting of functioning elementswhich include pile 15, Vhorizontal, and verti-v cal beam 5,buttressewall 19 (or 20)\, and

pile 16. This construction takes the shear between piles 15, 16, and resists outwardV .strainsresulting from the earth pressure on retaining piling 1,. The complete buttressstructure comprises the row of piles 15, 15,5

etc., (Fig. 2'), vand the successive buttresswalls' 19, 20 combined with rear pile-row 16.

-In some cases, as shown at tie-beam 10 (Fig.

3), it is not necessary that a pile 16'be used for every tie-beam, Vbut the latter may ex'- .t'cnd directly into horizontal and vertical beam 5 as hown. As shown in Figs. land 2, retainin piling 1 may adjoin pile-row 15; indeed piles 15 may, as shown, form a part of 'the retaining piling, such that the sheet piling may be in sections between successive piles 15; 4but the retaining piling -may have any desired location relative to piles 15 or 16.; or it may Hear only in the earth, and atits upper portions in the buttress upper structure or 1n the horizontal and vertical beam, or both, The strains take ef- 1 feet chiefly where piling 1 engages in beam 5-(Fig.1).4 'U The horizontal and vertical beam 5 is a prominent feature of the invention, and come` prises a body Yof concrete, preferably so com-` bined and reinforced as' to permit of the pile-'row will be cast integrally' with beam 5, and preferably also with the integral incorporation with it ofv` the stay walls 19,20, and also the tiefbeams, deadman (when used) Vand anchor-piles 2 (when When desired, the pilin 1 may serve alone in place of the row o piles 15, when the piling l is located substantially under the left of the stay-walls 19, 20.

After the concrete construction is com- '.pleted, the fill is made, upto the height locate the materials below the water-line for' 'protective purposes.. Deadiman 13 may be omitted entirely; or, if desired to employ someequivalent, a sectional d'eadma'n may be used, consisting of sections 25 (Fig. 8) each integrally united with its corresponding tie-beam and having wings 26, 27 to rest on the veartlrlill, on opposite sides of the tie- `beam, having thus a cantaliver action. `Sections 25 alsoliave their `reinforcement 144 (Figs. 8 and 9) just as in the case of the continuous deadman 13 of Fig. 3.

The advantages of the above structure are chiefly its permanency, rigidity and lo'w cost, all of which are of a highorder as com-, pared with prior structures for similar purposes. Y

In the modified form of Figs'. 10 and 11, retaining piling 1 is shown in the rear (to the right) of stay-walls or buttress-walls 19, 20, instead of in front "of them as in Fig. 1,; the effect, however, being the same,

as tothe action ofthe buttressstructure relative to the retaining piling. Also, while inFigs. 10, 1l, beam 5 of Fig. 1 'lsfunc-A vtionallycombinedin each wall 19, 20 ofl Figs. 10 and 11, yet the function of beam 5 of Fig- 1 in connecting together-'the piles,

15 in the fronl'J pile-row, is, in F igs. 10, 11,

executed by substitute 'piling 39 throu rh which extend horizontal reinforces 30.-' le function of beam 5 of Fig, 1 remains, however, in 19,204 of Fig.' ,10, as 'to carryi-ngthe horizontal andvertical load. The bays be tween successive pairs of `stay-walls 19, 2Q are'in 4practice spanned by a floor-slab 28` (Fig. 10,-not s'hown-` in Fig. 11), as of ree inforced concrete, as shown. -In Fig's 10 and 11 also there is an addition to thebuttress-structure consisting 'of a third or intermediate row of piles 29.

The buttress-structure and the piles thereof, may be embodied in various equivalent forms, but the piles constitute by far the most desirable supports for the buttress.

The invention can be' embodied in various other structures and used for various. analogous purposes, and the advantages above specified as to the form first above described,

are inherent to a greater or less degree in all possible forms of the injvention.

In the claims, the expression horizontal and vertical beam is `used to define that part of the structure, such as beam 5 of F ig. l or the corresponding functioning part of Fig. 2 or of any other modification, which takes thehorizontal and vertical load of the structure and earth-fill;

I claim:

1. A structure for bulkheads and the like,

'tress-strueture therefor; rear-anchor piles having reinforcing projections, and tiebeams connecting the buttress structure with the anchor-piles; said tie-beams and buttress being of reinforced concrete molded integrally with each other and with the said projections of the anchor-piles.

3. A structure for bulkheads and the like,

which comprises a retaining Wall; a but.

treSs-structure therefor comprising grounded supports and means transversely connecting the same; a rear-anchorage composed of piles having reinforcing projections; and tie-beams connecting the anchorage and butforcing projections; and tie-beamsconnecting the rear anchorage With said stay-Walls, said tie-beams and stay-Walls comprising an integral structure of reinforced concrete.

5. A structure for bulkheads and the like, Which comprises a retaining Wall; a buttress structure carried by a plurality of transverse rows of grounded supports; staywalls connecting the supports of onerow with the supports of another row; a transverse beam connecting together the supports of one row; a rear anchorage composed of piles having reinforcing projections; and tie-beams connecting the rear-anchorage with said buttress structure; said transverse beam and stay Walls comprising an integral structure of reinforced concrete.

6. In a structure for bulkheads and the like, a deadman integrally united with rear anchorage piles.

7 In a structure for bulkheads and the like, a dea'dman composed" of reinforced concrete integrally united with a rear anchorage pile and with' a `corresponding tiebeam.

8. In a structure for bulkheads' and the like, a sectional deadman composed of reinforced conerete each section being integrally united with a tie-beam and having Wings resting upon the earth fill.

MAXWELL M. UPSON.

Witnesses H. IR.r Morne, I. A. FIsK. 

